Environmental Disasters Essay

For the purpose of this article an environmental disaster is defined as a specific event caused by human activity that results in a seriously negative effect on the environment. Sometimes a natural disaster can become an environmental disaster, but that is a topic to be discussed elsewhere. In most cases environmental disasters are caused by human error, accident, lack of foresight, corner cutting during industrial processes, greed, or by simple incompetence. In other words without some kind of human intervention they would never have happened. They are also often characterised by firm authoritative denials that anything serious has even happened. Lack of foresight is a common cause of an environmental disaster. In agriculture a classic example of is the increasing salinity of soils in hot climates. With the need to produce more food, a warm climate seems ideal for European-style agriculture, once the existing vegetation has been cleared. The one proviso is that there must be plenty of water. Irrigation projects and deep wells are usually the answer, but as has been found in Australia, if this is not properly managed, salination can result and the land becomes effectively useless. A further example of a catastrophic and misguided interference with nature resulted in the dust bowls that hit North America in the 1930s. The fertile soil seemed ideal for intensive agriculture, but a combination of deep ploughing and a lack of crop rotation weakened the soil structure. Following years of drought, high winds simply removed all the topsoil and millions of acres of once fertile farmland became a virtual desert. Another unforeseen agricultural disaster was Moa Zedong’s 1958 decree to eliminate sparrows. It was considered that because sparrows ate grain seeds they were robbing the people of the fruits of their labour. The campaign was very successful that it cleared the way for swarms of locusts to descend on the farms. Crops were decimated, leading to a famine that resulted in the deaths of 38 million people. Introducing alien species can be just as disastrous as eliminating native ones. This has been the case in Australia when in 1859 12 imported English wild rabbits were released so that a local settler could go hunting. In the course of time they multiplied and it is estimated that even after serious efforts to control them, the Australian rabbit populations is still between 200 and 300 million. As well as being responsible for the loss of vast acreages of agricultural crops and grazing land, rabbits are suspected of being the most significant known factor in species loss in Australia, killing young trees by eating the bark at the base of the trunk. They are also responsible for serious erosion as they eat native plants, leaving the topsoil exposed. It is very easy to upset the fragile balance of nature. In June 1918 a steamship ran aground on a Pacific Island and while it was stranded, Black Rats escaped and got ashore. Here they thrived, causing the extinction of several of the island’s endemic birds and other fauna. They also raided the crops of the islanders, particularly the seeds of the Kentia Palm, which was the islanders’ only export commodity. In an effort to control the rats, Masked Owls were introduced but this simply compounded the environmental disaster. By introducing yet another predator to the ecosystem, the result was that many of the remaining sea birds were simply wiped out as breeding species. Industrial pollution has been the cause of so many environmental disasters that it is impossible to list them all. One of the most serious was the Bhopal disaster of December 1984 when a leak of methyl isocyanate resulted in at least 22,000 deaths plus various genetic diseases that will continue for generations. The chief causes of this disaster were negligence, corruption and the complete disregard of safety standards. A number of environmental disasters have also been associated with the oil production industry with theDeepwater Horizon disaster of April 2010 being the most recent one that comes to mind. According to White House energy adviser Carol Browner the spill was the †worst environmental disaster the US has faced†. In this case following a sudden explosion on a drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico, the safety valve that was designed to prevent an oil spill spectacularly failed. It was months before the leakage was sealed, during which time millions of gallons of oil poured into the sea. The resulting pollution was not just from the oil, but from the chemicals used to disperse it. Whole ecosystemswere destroyed along with the livelihoods of countless people. Many endangered species are not expected torecover. In West Africa the Niger Delta covers 20,000 km2 within wetlands of 70,000 km2, formed primarily by sediment deposition. It is home to some 20 million people from 40 different ethnic groups. Its floodplain makes up 7. 5% of Nigeria’s total land mass and is the third-largest drainage basin in Africa. Its ecosystem contains one of the highest concentrations of biodiversity on the planet. In addition to supporting a vast range of flora and fauna, there is arable terrain that can sustain a wide variety of crops,tropical forests and more species of freshwater fish than any other ecosystem in West Africa. Unfortunately for the Niger Delta, oil was discovered in the region. Since drilling began in 1976 there has been a complete lack of concern by the Nigerian Government or the oil operators to exert any control of the environmental problems associated with the industry. The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation admits that every year as a result of around 300 individual spills, nearly 2,300 cubic metres of petroleum are jettisoned into the environment. However, this does not take account of so-called †minor† spills and one estimate put the total spillage between 1960 and 1997 as upwards of 100 million barrels (16 million cubic metres). A major reason for these spills is simply the result of poor maintenance. Pipelines are old and corroded and although they have an estimated lifespan of about 15 years, many have been in use for about 25. Leaking pipes and the use of old and corroded tankers account for 50% of all spills. Understandably there has been a major impact on the ecosystem. Enormous tracts of mangrove forest have been destroyed along with most of the flora and fauna that were once found there. The dumping of waste is obviously a serious issue and international regulations put strict controls on this. Unfortunately there will always be unscrupulous people who will try to get around the regulations. A classic example occurred in 2006 when a Panama-registered ship offloaded 500 tonnes of toxic waste at the Ivory Coast port of Abidjan. The company concerned apparently wanted to avoid paying the 1,000 euros per cubic metre disposal charge it would have to pay in Holland. The waste, that was dumped at 12 sites in and around the city was later discovered to contain a mixture of fuel, caustic soda and hydrogen sulphide. This lethal cocktail gave off toxic gas and caused burns to lungs and skin, in addition to severe headaches and vomiting and is said to have caused 17 deaths and made dozens seriously ill. The company involved originally denied all responsibility, claiming that the waste was simply dirty water. It was only after some investigative journalism by the BBC that the full facts eventually came to light. Nuclear accidents can have serious environmental effects. Prior to 2011 the 1986 Chernobyl disaster would probably have been regarded as the ost serious after an enormous explosion sent radioactive ash into the atmosphere covering most of Northern Europe, along with Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. 350,000 people had to be resettled. Then in 2011 came the Fukushima 1 accident in Japan when an earthquake followed by a tsunami hit the nuclear plant. The earthquake knocked out the public electricity supply that powered the pumping of water to cool the reactors. Shortly after the earthquake a tsuna mi destroyed the emergency back-up generators that were due to start up when the public electricity supply failed. It was then realised that the designers had failed to take this possibility into account. As a result a catastrophic situation developed and 14,000 people had to be evacuated from the immediate area. After several weeks a number of brave workers, struggling in appalling conditions, managed to bring the situation under control, but as with so many environmental disasters, once again official information was misleading, sketchy, or simply non-existent. An environmental disaster is usually caused by some form human action, or some form of human negligence. A classic example is with climate change. Vast amounts of greenhouse gas are currently being released into the Earth’s atmosphere, potentially doing untold harm to our environment by speeding up global warming. At the same time people are completely ignoring the warning signs and shutting their minds to the consequences that lie ahead. We don’t know what these consequences will be, but they are not likely to be pleasant. The world seems to be on course for what is likely to be the worst environmental disaster of all time. There is still time to slow the process down, but it will require swift and worldwide action.

Abortion Should Be Legal

Abortion is the deliberate ending of a pregnancy by removing the fetus from the mother's uterus and should only be carried out by trained medical personnel. Abortion was introduced at a very early age in society. I believe people should choose their own path and their own future, right down to abortions. I believe in choice. Pro-choice. People's lives and rights should not be interfered by the opinion of another. There are certain rights given to a person which cannot be removed or changed.This gives the choice-maker the right to live with his/her own decision without the guilt or disturbance of a third party. Live your own lives. A body belongs to one soul, giving one soul the rules and rights over it. People tend to forget that. As in an economy, when something is in demand, legal or not, people will sell and buy it. But what about those people who feel guilt over something that shouldn't pressure them? May it be abortion or not. Most people would like to live under the choices the y make without the world pushing them over or religions battering them with stones.With the evolving moral standards of society, abortions are becoming more and more justified. Abortions, the practice of removing a fertilized egg from a mother has become a controversial issue in American society, but should be generally supported because there are circumstances where the mother to be is unable to sustain a pregnancy safely. Young low income women and or girls who become mothers have grim prospects for the future and in the case of rape or incest, forcing a woman made pregnant by this violent act would cause further psychological harm to the victim.In, â€Å"The Cost of Choice†, the National Abortion Federation (NAF) and Planned Parenthood, among other pro-abortion advocacy groups and organizations, have formulated and published standards and guidelines for affiliated clinics and physicians. In fact, Planned Parenthood clinics, with few exceptions, must adhere to the operation al standards and protocols mandated by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. State legislatures have obtained copies of these standards and protocols and have used them to formulate minimum health and safety standards for abortion care. Encounter Books, 2004. p 128. ) Those who are against legalizing abortion/pro-life believe that a fetus is a person and should be granted life just as every other living being on this earth. Imagine a mother and child falling into dangerous river rapids and a family member or bystander must decide who to save. It's a terrible decision that must be made. Regardless of the decision, one life will be lost and one saved. This situation differs so fundamentally from abortion on demand, which is to kill the unborn baby for convenience, as opposed to choosing which life will be saved.Pro-life activist / believers think that abortion is murder, and that life begins at conception. â€Å"In biology and in medicine, it is an accepted fact that the life of any individual organism reproducing by sexual reproduction begins at conception (fertilization). † â€Å"By all the criteria of modern molecular biology, life is present from the moment of conception. † â€Å"Human life begins at the time of conception. † â€Å"Human life begins when after the ovum is fertilized the new combined cell mass begins to divide. â€Å"The beginning of a single human life is from a biological point of view a simple and straightforward matter – the beginning is conception. †(Boonin, 2002, p. 21) Pro-choice believer think that Adoption is a viable alternative to abortion and accomplishes the same result, however statistics show that most women who carry a child do not give their child up for adoption. They might also believe that, an abortion can result in medical complications later in life; the risk of ectopic pregnancies double.Abortion for medical reasons where the mother's life is in jeopardy that should be left to the discretion of the mother, family, and doctor. It's true, the mother and the unborn baby are still two separate individuals/entities, but under these difficult circumstances, it's truly a personal decision for those directly involved. Abortion in cases of rape and/or incest should be treated the same as abortion for medical reasons. It should be up to the victim of the rape or incest what she wants to do in this rare and terrible situation.Some countries now with moderately restrictive laws permit abortions to protect a women's health, to end pregnancies resulting from rape or incest, to avoid genetic or other defects, or in response to social problems such as unmarried status or low income. Rape one of the top reasons why I believe that a woman should be able to have an abortion. Rape is the act of sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent or with a minor. Having a child resulting from the mother being rape causes many metal problems for the mother as the birth of the child could be a remembrance of what happen.Incest is sexual intercourse between people who are of blood relations this is one of the reasons why abortion should be legal. It is believed that 50% of all incest cases happen to children fewer than 17 years of age. It has also been stated that children who are conceived by incest are more likely to the possibly leading to mental retardation Birth defects are any abnormalities in the structure or function of the fetus. About twenty percent or more of malformed fetuses are aborted; the rest results in a newborn baby with a birth defect.Each type of birth defect is rare . All live births can cause increased percent of infant deaths in the period immediately after birth. Low income is when people have little or no money coming into the home. To care for a child is very expensive you need to buy pampers, milk, formula's, clothes, powder, cream, soap, towels, cribs and if u are working u need to pay for ah baby sitter. It takes an average o f $15000 a year to care of a child. There are now 1. 3 million surgical abortions per year in the United States. 0 The Alan Guttmacher Institute (the research arm of Planned Parenthood) reports that women have abortions for two primary reasons: lack of financial resources and lack of emotional support. .(Encounter Books, 2004. p 198. ) One needs to take into consideration the developmental stages of the fetal life span. Most abortions occur soon after the confirmation of pregnancy, (usually prior to 12 weeks gestation. ) The first twelve weeks is known as the first trimester or the embryonic phase. At this time the fetus is about 3-3. inches long having a weight of 15-20 grams. The neurological system is primitive at best, demonstrating only vague swimming motions. In the late 1880’s, The American Medical Association led the fight to criminalize all abortions. The campaign was a total success, with every state outlawing abortion. However, criminal prohibition did not stop wom en from obtaining illegal abortions, which sometimes resulted in severe medical problems. (Abortion, 2002, para. 8) I think this would cause more harm than good to make abortion illegal.Every woman should have the right to make that decision without the government getting involved. I do not recommend abortion as a birth-control method of choice. I merely state that it is a fact the most important single method of birth-control in the world today, and to cut down on population growth we should make abortion easy and safe while we continue to develop other and more â€Å"satisfactory† methods of family limitation. In addition to the 5 million women in the U. S. without access to birth-control for whom abortion would seem a mater of right when they want t, there are the uncounted thousands who after conception suffer some diseases of discover some defect which makes the birth of a live healthy baby unlikely, and the many, too, whose contraceptive methods occasionally do not work . Today abortion under modern hospital conditions is safer than childbirth. Instead of making abortion more difficult and dangerous for women, lawmakers should promote policies that reduce the need for abortion. Almost 50 percent of all pregnancies in this country are unintended, including over 30 percent within marriage.And over half of all unintended pregnancies end in abortion. In the Roe vs. Wade the Supreme Court ruled that a woman was allowed by the Constitution's 14th Amendment to receive an abortion before the first trimester. It now appeared that the pro-choice advocates had won the political tug-o-war at last. However, violence continues between the two groups as the animosity and resentment has grown to new heights. The most important part of reproductive rights is the principle that a woman has the right to decide whether and when to have a child.Religious beliefs, politics, incident of pregnancy, support, economy, long term consequences, such as regrets and depression, being able to take responsibility, and health issues are major factors that must be taken in consideration before resulting to abortion. For any pregnant woman, making a decision to abort her child is painful and ruthless, but under certain situation such as rape, young age and financial reasons, a woman should have the right to choose to terminate her pregnancy if she chooses to do so by aborting her unborn child.

The Ratification Of The Us National Constitution - 3020 Words

There are several watersheds in the history of United States, of which have all shaped the future of the country in a way they may have never imagined. This paper will focus on the discussion on the following three topics: The ratification of the constitution in 1787 limits the democratic freedoms that American citizens had gained right after the Revolutionary War; the New Deal Coalition and policies formed by the President Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) that prevents the country from becoming a socialist stave and saves the democratic and capitalist system; and the G.I Bill compensated the war veterans leading to the emergence of the American middle class. Limitation on Democracy: The ratification of the US national constitution was the political response of the founding fathers of the nation to the excessive democracy that have been witnessed in the nation after the revolution. The revolutionary war in 1775 was waged by the American colonists against the British. The war was originally about fighting for rights that people believed they were already entitled to. The revolutionary war helped to spread out the democratic ideals. As a result, at the end of the war, people were entitled to numerous rights and the liberty they desired. By 1786, due to excessive rights and freedom assigned to people, chaos raised due to the inability of the national government to maintain law and order . The freedoms that the revolution was seeking to reserve directly resulted the creation of aShow MoreRelatedDbq Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesDBQ Essay-Ratification of the Constitution: The Federalists’ Stance The ratification of the constitution was a process which was very controversial and tedious. The people chose sides because they were undereducated about the constitution and were easily influenced. 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The separate states were in the process of writing their respective constitutions, when it became apparent to Congress that there was need for laws to dictate how they were organized. This resulted in the creation of the Articles of the Confederation in November of 1777. The idea of states maintaining a high level of powerRead MoreCompromise Between Federalist And Anti Federalist Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesof confederation are the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789(p.48-49). The Federalist are the supporters of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. The Anti-Federalist are the opponents of ratification of the U.S Constitution in 1787 and 1788. The biggest compromise that was made would be the federalist including agreeing to include bill of rights in the Constitution. We need a new constitution because of inequality because in the

Compare Alternative Definition of Marketing - 913 Words

1a. Marketing term appeared firstly in United State in the early 20th century and then spread to Europe and Asia. In the meantime, there are many definitions of Marketing given by leading organisations and experts in the fields of economy such as: Kotler, CIM, AMA†¦ - Definition of Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM): â€Å"Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying , anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably†. - Definition of Philip Kotler: â€Å"Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others†. - Definition of American Marketing Association (AMA):†¦show more content†¦And the way they focus on customers is meeting the customer requirements. By different way, Philip Kotler orientates marketing associated with customer’s needs and wants. The most important thing to assess effectiveness of marketing is not how to sell more goods, which is how to satisfy customer needs and create a relationship not easily changed. According to Kotler, the relationship with customers is a major factor in the success of the company. And value of customers is the most importance. However, according to AMA, marketing is one of the factors which create exchanges. In many ways, this definition has been given in detail of the fundamental nature of marketing. First, to clarify what is exchanged is not limited to tangible products (goods) but it also includes ideas are formed, the services are provided. In the view of the AMA, the customer is not limited to individuals that includes the organization. According to AMA, the exchange is most important. The more various exchange, more and more products consumed, the bigger profit the companies earn. 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The Stamp Act that Led to the American Revolution Essay

The massive debt of the French and Indian war was a very big struggle for Great Britain and the massive debt will start the revolutionary war. The massive debt happened right after the French and Indian war. Great Britain was 122 million pounds in debt. That is why they tried to tax the colonies. The taxes were called acts. This payed off part of the debt but the taxing didnt come to a pleasant end for Great Britain. One of the acts was the stamp act. This was a way to force the colonies to help pay off the war debt. The British pushed the Stamp Act through Parliament in March 1765. This act required Americans to buy paper, newspapers, playing cards, and legal documents such as wills and a marriage license strictly from†¦show more content†¦This made the colonists get very angry that they had to take care of more people that they didnt even know! This was madness. The proclamation line came into play in 1763 right after the French and Indian War ended. The British had to rep ay the Native Americans who helped them during the war. So, the Proclamation of 1763 gave the land between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains to the Native Americans that helped the English during the war (doc 5). The Proclamation Line was the western border of the English colonies. Unfortunately, some colonists already lived past the proclamation line and the colonists didnt want to go back to the squished colonies. Also, the border was so long that it was very hard for the English to enforce. Thats why Great Britain passed the quartering act. This made the colonists feel like they were being spied on by the British. After about 4 years the Townshend acts were passed. The Townshend acts were originated by Charles Townshend. They were meant to add even more taxes on all imported goods, which makes everything almost double the original price. Great Britain needed to pass this act because they still had so much of the debt to pay ofF. 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Some events that led to the revolution are: The French and Indian War, The Battle of Saratoga and many other events. The American Revolution was between the Americans led by George Washington , and the British led by General Howe and General Cornwallis. The two enemies have been fighting for several of years. There are series of wars that led to the revolution. These series if wars lasted for several of years also. This is wereRead MoreThe Trail Of The American Revoluti onary War1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trail to The American Revolutionary War The roots of the American Revolution can be traced all the way back to the year 1763 when British leaders began to tighten imperial reins. Once the relations between Britain and the colonies became more of a conflict. Britain’s land policy prohibiting settlement in the West irritated colonists as well as the arrival of British troops. The colonists believed that they should be able to live democratically. Alongside, Britain feeling as though they ownedRead More Causes of the American Revolution Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesone event that started the American Revolution. This paper will address the problems that lead to the start to the American Revolution. The colonists believed that they should live democratically. Britain felt that they owned the American colonies and they could use their resources in any way that they wished. The colonists did not want to live being ruled by another country. The major events that led to the American Revolution were the French and Indi an War, Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Boston TeaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe American revolution, the war that helped make America what it is today. However, America did not become the land of the free and home of the brave overnight. Like many wars before, one single event did not cause the American Revolution. After years of disagreement on how Britain should rule the American colonies, the colonists declared their independence and sparked a revolution. By the late 1600s, England pushed to strengthen their control over the existing American colonies by enforcing mercantilismRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution999 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1770 and 1776, resistance to imperial change turned into a full-on revolution. The American Revolution, also known as the Revolutionary War, was a time of revolting and political uprising, in which the 13 colonies separated from the British Empire, forming the independent nation known as the United States of America. Though the American Revolution began because the colonies wanted independence from Britain, many important historical events and revolts also lead to the tensions and resistanceRead MoreThe Reasons Behind The Writing Of The Declaration Of Independence896 Words   |  4 Pagesof Independence There were several events that led up to the writing and publication of the Declaration of Independence. The colonists did not understand why they were being taxed on items such as stamps and tea which was extremely essential to the colonists at this time. The phrase â€Å"taxation without representation† was used by the colonists to show their outrage with these taxes from England. They set out to rebel and started the American Revolution. Thomas Paine contributed to the colonists’ views

Greece and Persia Essay free essay sample

Although these great nations differed greatly, they still had various similarities; of the similarities the two empires shared were their very strong and powerful military forces. The Persians and Greeks built two of the most successful and prosperous nations in history. The Persians and Greeks built two of the most successful and prosperous nations the world has ever known. Ancient Greece may have been very great and powerful but it wasn’t able to be unified. City-states fought each other frequently, unlike Persia which was a much unified empire. Persia is known to own the title of the largest empire that has ever existed, because they were unified it helped them become strong and powerful, ergo to the fact of them being a great empire. Grecian city-states weren’t able to maintain unity in their nation because they kept fighting. The city-states had many issues with one another but they had to unite to fight off the Persians because the Persians were double their size. We will write a custom essay sample on Greece and Persia Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other than being unified, ancient Greece and Persia also differed in their political systems. Greece had several political systems because each city state had a different political system of their own. Majority of the Greek governments were  monarchies,  oligarchies, tyrannies  and  democracies. In Persia the political system was based on one’s freedom. The rulers of Persia were Zoroastrians; they practiced religious toleration and helped rebuild the temples of foreign religions with money and official permissions. For example when King Cyrus freed the Jews and gave them official permission to rebuild the Temple of Solomon. The two nations saw their way of government in different perspectives. Military force may have been the most similar aspect of Ancient Greece and Persia. Greece consisted of several city states, some like Sparta who had more power than the rest of the city-states; Spartan men began their military training at the young age of 7. Greece had many great leaders who helped them achieve greatness like Alexander the Great. The Persian Empire was known for its military superiority as well. The Persians had bodyguards known as â€Å"The immortals. † From time to time, the two nations clashed, such as the Battle of Thermopylae, where all the Greek soldiers fought to the end. The two nation’s military forces were much far powerful and strong compared to other nations during this time period. The ancient world had faced many great battles but battles of ancient Greece and the Persian Empire were amongst the most important. The differences in their political systems and their ability to be unified are very amazing. The similarity between their military forces shows how much their system worked making them successful nations. These wars lasted for twenty years, the Greeks won with the leadership of Alexander the Great, and the Persians never fought the Greeks again.

Summary of the article Three Kinds of Ethics for Three Kinds of Engineering

Summary of the article Mariarty (2001) main thesis is that modern-day engineers need to move beyond know what or know how, and embrace know-why. Contemporary engineering must be governed by three types of ethics that emerge from different eras of engineering: virtue ethics, conceptual ethics and material ethics. The latter are synonymous with traditional engineering, modernist engineering and focal engineering, respectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the article Three Kinds of Ethics for Three Kinds of Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author starts with a description of the earliest form of engineering, which was traditional engineering. At the time, engineers lacked a central scientific method with which to carry out their work. Therefore, most of them depended upon their intuition and experience. Since they worked under autocratic leaders, they had little room to inquire into th e processes of production. They merely implemented what they were told using rough estimates. As a result, the actor was the most important component of the engineering process. This meant that ethical principles that governed a person’s character were the most appropriate. Virtue ethics stresses the importance of doing good. A person strives to be honest, caring and diligent in his or her method. Therefore, the traditional engineer compensated for the lack of scientific expertise using his character. Such a person was diligent, hardworking and even-tempered. This aspect of ethics is still applicable today as stakeholders still want to know about the actor. Know-what is still imperative in engineering practice. Modernist engineering was the next phase of development in the profession. This saw the birth of scientific processes in engineering. Stakeholders were not just concerned about the actor but now dwelt on the act. They moved from know-what to know-how. Analysis and synt hesis now became central elements of the engineering process. Therefore, the brand of ethics developed for this type of work was material ethics. Individuals developed ethical frameworks that would justify why it was necessary to do good. At the time, individuals such as Johns Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant came up with conceptual ethics. Mill was the father of utilitarianism, which stressed the need to maximise the overall good for the greatest number of people. Kant created the Categorical Imperative, which prompted people to act as though, if they were in the same position, they would do the same. Conceptual ethics is a brand that stemmed from technicism. Technicism is a school of thought which espouses that man should control his reality as he has the capacity to do so.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The final phase of this profession was focal engineering. It dwells on things that enrich people’s life. There, the main concern is not just to produce, but to add value to people’s lives. At this point, the actor’s role seemed to subside and more emphasis was given to the product hence the need for material ethics. Material ethics asks questions regarding the effect of the product on the concerned stakeholders or environment. The focal engineer is one who looks at the reasons, purposes and causes behind certain things. He or she causes engagement between the user and product, harmony between the beneficiary and the world and harmony between the world and the products. It shifts away from know-how and know-what to know-why. Therefore, a focal engineer ought to be engaging and enlivening. For instance, the person would consider the effect of his actions on professionals other than engineers, such as architects or manufacturers. The author espouses that contemporary engineers are probably more of focal engineers than traditional or modernist eng ineers. Therefore, instead of just introducing new products, they ought to ask whether these products would enrich people’s lives or disengage them. Negotiations are a necessary aspect. Nonetheless Moriarty (2001) still believes that it is essential to merge all three brands of ethics in engineering practice as it entails input from these different schools. John Stuart on scientific management It is likely that Stuart would have supported Taylor’s theory of scientific management. At its heart, the management theory is a brand of technicism, which espouses the need for human beings to control their reality. Taylor believed that worker’s could be controlled in order to reap maximum benefit from them. This notion of controlling the world stemmed from the belief in the superiority and applicability of science in various aspects of life. 19th century thinking was grounded in this mind set. Technicism was propagated by the need to control the future, and allow for hum ans to have everything they wanted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the article Three Kinds of Ethics for Three Kinds of Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main aim of technicism was to guarantee material progress by solving problems. In this school of thought, it is presumed that all problems have a solution. John Stuart Mill and Taylor both held these world views. Therefore; one can state that to some extent, Mill would agree with Taylor’s views on the same. John Stuart Mill’s theory of utilitarianism advocated for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Taylor’s theory of scientific management aimed at increasing the greatest good for the greatest number of people in production. Taylor wanted to accommodate the aspirations and needs of all members of production. For instance, he wanted to meet managers’ needs by increasing productivity. Further more, he was interested in increasing profits for business owners. The theory was also intended in curbing labour unrest by meeting the needs of employees. Many of them were concerned about their inability to meet their basic needs. Consequently, Taylor’s scientific management would grant them the proper platform to achieve these aims. Although some unwanted intentions stemmed from Taylor’s suggestions, it is still laudable that he had such noble intentions. Since so many stakeholders were involved in production, scientific management accepted this fact, and tried to maximise their utility. In essence, Taylor was a utilitarian that would have garnered support from Stuart Mill. To further illustrate the above point, one only has to study the effects of some of these principles in the work process. Taylor (2010) sold his theory of scientific management to several firms. Some firms required frequent movement of materials between various work stations. Typical examples inc luded the automobile industry, textile industry and repair workshops. Managers in these businesses wanted to minimise bottlenecks and delays. Their main aim was to increase output as well as the rate of production. Taylor’s theory would provide them with a solution to achieve this aim. Additionally, some firms were struggling with the employee reforms. They wanted to provide their employees with the best working conditions as this would guarantee harmony and reduce attrition. Taylor’s theory held a lot of promise with regard to improvement of working conditions or the challenges of building social harmony. Taylor realised that every stakeholder in production is interested in preserving his well being. This was the reason why he used the analogy of the slow Dutchman. In this story, he believed that the worker needed an incentive to work for one company over its competitors.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By providing the worker with higher wages than competitors, a manager could meet the worker’s need as well as his own of maintaining consistent work. His theories were particularly useful at the time because some workers had the tendency to be overcome by greed if they found that they were to be compensated for any amount of time they put into their day. Taylor thus suggested tempering this greed with controlled periods of rest for employees. Some labourers would be unaware of their need for consistent rest and this would minimise their capacity to work the next day. Therefore, their interests would be covered in scientific management, and this would have won approval from Stuart Mill (Taylor, 2010). On the other hand, the theory had some dire consequences, which would have elicited disapproval from Stuart Mill. Contrary to Taylor’s expectation, his theory eventually led to speedups for most employees. Managers who implemented his theory started by streamlining product ion bottlenecks eventually increased working hours. This heightened fatigue and burn out among several workers. Additionally, some of them instated wage rate cuts in order to make their production processes more efficient. In addition to the above measures, scientific management eventually led to deskilling and the loss of jobs. Workers experienced most of the negative effects of the theory of scientific management. Since utilitarian principles espouse the greatest good for the greatest number of people, then it can be said that Taylor’s theory protected the interests of the minority (business owners and managers) but trampled the needs of majority who are the employees. In this regard, John Mill would have disapproved of the theory. References Moriarty, G. (2001). ‘Three kinds of ethics for three kinds of engineering.’ IEEE technology and Society Magazine, 31-39. Taylor, F. (2010). The principles of scientific management. London: Penguin This essay on Summary of the article Three Kinds of Ethics for Three Kinds of Engineering was written and submitted by user Tanner H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.